Convert network speeds between Mbps, Gbps, MB/s and more. Estimate file transfer time for any file size and link speed, and calculate link utilisation percentage.
Speed converter - network speeds are always measured in bits per second (bps, Kbps, Mbps, Gbps), while storage and file sizes use bytes. 1 byte = 8 bits, so a 100 Mbps link can transfer at most 12.5 MB/s. All values here use SI decimal prefixes (1 Kbps = 1,000 bps, 1 MB = 1,000,000 bytes). Binary prefixes (KiB, MiB, GiB) are available in the file size selector and follow the IEC standard (1 KiB = 1,024 bytes).
Transfer time - the theoretical maximum assumes 100% of the link bandwidth is available to your transfer. In practice, TCP/IP overhead (headers, ACKs, retransmits) consumes around 3% of capacity. Real-world speeds are also affected by latency, server upload speed, and concurrent traffic on the link.
Link utilisation - network links become unstable above ~80% sustained utilisation. Queuing delay increases sharply as a link approaches saturation (see Little's Law). A good rule of thumb: plan upgrades when average utilisation exceeds 60%, giving headroom for traffic bursts.